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<title>Special access program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Special access program</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For programs that provide access to unapproved medical treatments, see <a href="Expanded_access" title="Expanded access">Expanded access</a>.</div>

<p><b>Special access programs</b> (<b>SAPs</b>) in the <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a> are security protocols that provide <a href="Classified_information_in_the_United_States" title="Classified information in the United States">highly classified information</a> with safeguards and access restrictions that exceed those for regular (collateral) classified information. SAPs can range from <a href="Black_project" title="Black project">black projects</a> to routine but especially-sensitive operations, such as <a href="Communications_security" title="Communications security">COMSEC</a> maintenance or <a href="Yankee_White" title="Yankee White">presidential transportation support</a>. In addition to collateral controls, a SAP may impose more stringent investigative or adjudicative requirements, specialized <a href="Nondisclosure_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondisclosure agreement">nondisclosure agreements</a>, special terminology or markings, exclusion from standard contract investigations (carve-outs), and centralized billet systems.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, SAP is better known as "SAR" by the mandatory Special Access Required (SAR) markings.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_22,_1940">March 22, 1940</h3></div>

<p>Shortly before America's involvement in World War II Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8381, creating the three security levels for his country's most important documents—Restricted, Confidential, and Secret.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_1,_1950">February 1, 1950</h3></div>

<p>After the conclusion of World War II, President Harry S. Truman issues Executive order 10104, and creates the "Top Secret classification" designation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_5,_1953">November 5, 1953</h3></div>

<p>Dwight D. Eisenhower issues Executive order 10501. It drops the "restricted" classification level. It removes classification authority from 28 government entities and limits its use in 17 more. There are now explicit guidelines for the remaining three classification levels to prevent a systematic flood of classified documents coming from <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">the Pentagon</a> and other agencies. The Pentagon responds by creating its own "special access" labels to further insulate classified information from outside influence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_8,_1972">March 8, 1972</h3></div>

<p>In Executive Order number 11652 Richard M. Nixon legitimizes the use of special access controls and the "special access program" is finally made official.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_categories">Types and categories</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div>

<p>Two types of SAP exist—acknowledged and unacknowledged. The existence of an acknowledged SAP may be publicly disclosed, but the details of the program remain classified. An unacknowledged SAP (or <b>USAP</b>) is made known only to authorized persons, including members of the appropriate committees of the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. Waived SAPs are a subset of unacknowledged SAPs in the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. These SAPs are exempt by statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense from most reporting requirements and, within the legislative branch, the only persons who are required to be informed of said SAPs are the chairpersons and ranking committee members of the <a href="Senate_Appropriations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Appropriations Committee">Senate Appropriations Committee</a>, <a href="Senate_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Armed Services Committee">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>, <a href="House_Appropriations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Appropriations Committee">House Appropriations Committee</a>, and the <a href="House_Armed_Services_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Armed Services Committee">House Armed Services Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oftentimes, this notification is only oral.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3></div>

<p>There are three categories of SAPs within the Department of Defense:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Acquisition SAPs (AQ-SAPs), which protect the "research, development, testing, modification, and evaluation or procurement" of new systems;</li>

<li>Intelligence SAPs (IN-SAPs), which protect the "planning and execution of especially sensitive intelligence or <a href="Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">CI</a> units or operations";</li>

<li>Operations and Support SAPs (OS-SAPs), which protect the "planning, execution, and support" of sensitive military activities.</li></ul>

<p>Only the Director of National Intelligence may create IN-SAPs. <a href="Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information">Sensitive Compartmented Information</a> (SCI) control systems may be the most well-known intelligence SAPs. The treatment of SCI is singular among SAPs, and it seems there is some disagreement within the government as to whether or not SCI is a SAP. Defense Department sources usually state that it is,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least one publication refers to a separate SCI-SAP category alongside the three listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Intelligence Community, drawing on the DNI's statutory responsibility to protect intelligence sources and methods, finds a legal basis for SCI separate from that of SAPs, and consequently consider SCI and SAPs separate instances of the more general controlled access program.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marking">Marking</h2></div>

<p>SAP documents require special marking to indicate their status. The words <b>SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED</b>, followed by the program nickname or <a href="Code_word_(communication)" title="Code word (communication)">codeword</a>, are placed in the document's banner line.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h3></div>

<p>Abbreviations may be used for either element. Portion markings use SAR and the program's abbreviation. For example, a secret SAP with the nickname MEDIAN BELL would be marked <b>SECRET//SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED-MEDIAN BELL</b>. Portions would be marked <b>(S//SAR-MB)</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_SAPs">Multiple SAPs</h3></div>

<p>Multiple SAPs are separated by slashes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compartments">Compartments</h3></div>

<p>Compartments within SAPs may be denoted by a hyphen, and are listed alphanumerically. Subcompartments are separated by spaces, and are also listed alphanumerically. Markings do not show the hierarchy beyond the sub-compartment level. Sub-sub-compartments are listed in the same manner as sub-compartments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more complex banner line with multiple SAPs and subcompartments might read <b>TOP SECRET//SAR-MB/SC-RF 1532-RG A691 D722</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3></div>

<p>Older documents used different standard for marking. The banner line might read <b>SECRET//MEDIAN BELL//SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED</b>, and the portion marking would read <b>(S//MB)</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other variations move the special access warning to a second line, which would read <b>MEDIAN BELL Special Control and Access Required (SCAR) Use Only</b> or some other phrase directed by the program security instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involved_individuals">Involved individuals</h2></div>

<p>SAP access <i>ergo</i> policy on classified security categories <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de_facto" class="extiw external" title="wikt:de facto">de facto</a></i> is understood informally as described as those who need to know have access, access is "on a need to know basis".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A SAP can only be initiated, modified, and terminated within their department or agency; the <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a>, <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a>, the <a href="Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a>, the <a href="Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>; their principal deputies (e.g. the <a href="United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">Deputy Secretary of State</a> in <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">DoS</a> and the <a href="United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> in <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">DoD</a>); or others designated in writing by the <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offices are better known as "classification authorities." They retain the right to declassify or revise classification levels.

</p><p>The U.S. <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> is obliged to submit a report, submitted not later than the 1st of March for each year, to the defense committee on special access programs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>The following national or international SAPs, unless otherwise noted, are identified in 32 CFR 154.17:

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<ul><li><a href="Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information">Sensitive Compartmented Information</a> (SCI), national intelligence information concerning sources and methods which is protected by control systems defined by the Director of National Intelligence. Note that SCI markings are separate from those of other SAPs.</li>

<li><a href="Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan" title="Single Integrated Operational Plan">Single Integrated Operational Plan</a>-Extremely Sensitive Information (SIOP-ESI, replaced by NC2-ESI), the national plan for nuclear war. Note that SIOP-ESI was listed among non-IC dissemination control markings on classified documents, not with other SAPs.</li>

<li>Presidential support activities</li>

<li>Nuclear Weapon Personnel Reliability Program</li>

<li>Chemical Personnel Reliability Program<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Access to <a href="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> classified information at the staff level</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Compartmentalization_(information_security)" title="Compartmentalization (information security)">Compartmentalization (information security)</a></li>

<li><a href="State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">State secrets privilege</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsdl.org/c/abstract/?docid=506">Information Security Program</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Pentagon, Washington, D.C.: <a href="United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Assistant Secretary of Defense">U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense</a>, for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. 1997-01-14. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205120304/https://www.hsdl.org/c/abstract/?docid=506">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/executive-order/8381">"Executive Order No. 8381: Defining Certain Vital Military and Naval Installations and Equipment</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.federalregister.gov/issue_slice/1940/3/26/1147-1149.pdf">PDF</a>), 5 Fed. Reg. 1147 (1940-03-26). Retrieved 2024-11-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241105081404/https://archives.federalregister.gov/issue_slice/1940/3/26/1147-1149.pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-11-05</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/119-">"10 U.S. Code § 119—Special access programs: congressional oversight"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220905161411/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/119">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Senate1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reporto_uni_1997_00_5727/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy: pursuant to Public Law 236, 103rd Congress</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senate Document 105-2. Washington, D.C.: <a href="United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Publishing Office</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-16-054119-3</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/library/moynihan/title.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_hr/oversight.pdf">"Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122317/https://fas.org/irp/congress/2007_hr/oversight.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2016-title32-vol1/CFR-2016-title32-vol1-sec154-17">Exec. Order No. 12356, 32 CFR 154.17 (2016)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241107014323/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2016-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2016-title32-vol1-sec154-17.pdf">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2024.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">and NISPOM, 2006, p. 9-3-1 </span>

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</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Authorized Classification and Control Markings Register v1.2, p. 9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intelligence Community Authorized Classification and Control Markings Register and Manual, v5.1, p. 67-68</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the aforementioned notional MEDIAN BELL program, and the RED FAN 1532 and RED GLUE A691 and D722 sub-compartments of the notional SPACKLE CEILING program. It is possible that A691 is a sub-sub-compartment of D722, or vice versa.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.A.S. - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/5200-1r/chapter_8.htm">Intelligence and Security Doctrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725052342/https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/5200-1r/chapter_8.htm">Archived</a> 2021-07-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> published by the <a href="Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> [Retrieved 2015-12-13]</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Executive_Order_13526" title="Executive Order 13526">Executive Order 13526</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/119">10 U.S.C. § 119</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521115536/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/119">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012.</span>

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</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2016-title32-vol1/CFR-2016-title32-vol1-sec154-17">Exec. Order No. 12356, 32 CFR 154.17 (2016)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241107014323/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2016-title32-vol1/pdf/CFR-2016-title32-vol1-sec154-17.pdf">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2024.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar380-5.pdf">AR 380-5, Department of the Army Information Security Program, 29 September 2000</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar380-67.pdf">AR 380-67, Personnel Security Program, 9 September 1988</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar380-381.pdf">AR 380-381, Special Access Programs (SAPs) and Sensitive Activities, 21 April 2004</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224182649/http://dni.gov/electronic_reading_room/Authorized%20Classification%20and%20Control%20Markings%20Register%20V1.2.pdf">Authorized Classification and Control Markings Register Version 1.2, 12 May 2008</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/dcid3-29.html">DCID 3/29, Controlled Access Program Oversight Committee, 2 June 1995</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322213756/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/522022m.pdf">DOD 5220.22-M, National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM), 28 February, 2006</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/5200-1r.pdf">DODD 5200.1-R, Information Security Program, January 1997</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-13526fr.pdf">EO 13526, Classified National Security Information, 29 December 2009</a></li>

<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/FOIA/Public_CAPCO_Register%20and%20Manual%20v5.1.pdf">Intelligence Community Authorized Classification and Control Markings</a>,</i> Register and Manual, vol. 5, no. 1, (2012)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/SpecialAccess/">News and discussion forum for historical Special Access Programs</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/i5205_11.pdf">DOD 5205.11 Instructions - Management, Administration, and Oversight of DoD Special Access Programs, 6 February 2013</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d5205_07.pdf">DOD 5205.07 Directive - Special Access Program (SAP) Policy, 1 July 2010</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/exopolitica/esp_exopolitics_I_1e.htm">In search of the Pentagon's billion dollar hidden budgets</a>, Jane's Information Group, 5 January 2000</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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